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Venus has an extremely dense atmosphere composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen-both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface-and traces of other gases including sulfur dioxide.
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The possibility of life on Venus has long been a topic of speculation, and in recent years has received active research. Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions, but they are hindered by Venus's hostile surface conditions. Venus's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light, and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ( Mariner 2 in 1962), and the first to be successfully landed on (by Venera 7 in 1970). Its proximity to Earth has made Venus a prime target for early interplanetary exploration. Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky, as early as the second millennium BC. It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures, and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the "morning star" and "evening star". Īs one of the brightest objects in the sky, Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed.
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The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field. It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose under a runaway greenhouse effect. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. Even though Mercury is closer to the Sun, Venus has the hottest surface of any planet in the Solar System, with a mean temperature of 737 K (464 ☌ 867 ☏). The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is about 92 times the sea level pressure of Earth, or roughly the pressure at 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. Venus does not have any moons, a distinction it shares only with Mercury among the planets in the Solar System. This means the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east.
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As a consequence, it takes longer to rotate about its axis than any other planet in the Solar System, and does so in the opposite direction to all but Uranus. It has a synodic day length of 117 Earth days and a sidereal rotation period of 243 Earth days. Venus orbits the Sun every 224.7 Earth days. Venus lies within Earth's orbit, and so never appears to venture far from the Sun, either setting in the west just after dusk or rising in the east a little while before dawn. As the brightest natural object in Earth's night sky after the Moon, Venus can cast shadows and can be visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°. ^ Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°.